![]() ![]() in lipid membranes 27), exclusion of parasites through division 11, 19, 20 and rise of diversity through merging 28, all provide benefits for cooperators. Group selection research, studied in abstract and also in the context of protocells, suggested that compartments provide necessary functionalities like collocalization of members for reactions 5, 6, 25, 26, creation of gradients across boundaries (e.g. One physical realization of these models can be envisioned as rocky surfaces potentially undergoing wet–dry cycles 13, 15, 23, 24. In the context of abiogenesis, the study of spatial lattice models showed that cooperation can be maintained in spiral waves on simple 2D structures without flows 13, 14. droplets or protocells 5) and the complexity of the underlying processes is relatively minimal. This is perhaps a natural domain of application because groups may be defined as concrete physical structures (e.g. In particular, these models 6, 10 and recent experimental studies 21, 22 have been most intensively applied to problems in early biology and the origin of life. on a 2D surface) 13– 16, and group (or multi-level) selection models 17, where individuals only interact with elements within their groups 6, 11– 13, 18– 20. These include lattice models, where individuals are restricted to interactions with particular neighbors (e.g. To resolve this conflict, population structure models for early life were introduced in which individuals selectively interact with others 6, 11– 13. the population is well-mixed, those that receive benefits but do not reciprocate gain a competitive advantage and drive cooperators to extinction, thereby preventing the emergence of more complex entities 11. However, the emergence of cooperation at each of these transitions includes challenges that can be primarily ascribed to the exploitation of cooperators by parasites 6, 7, 9– 11-if cooperators interact and provide benefits to individuals in the population with equal probability, i.e. One approach to formalize these events generally has been to define “coming together” as the aggregation of independent individuals, and “staying together” as the event where offspring remain close to their ancestors 4. Most saliently, cooperation between groups of individuals is considered important for the origins of life, as well as the emergence of multicellularity 3– 8. Our results suggest that group selection models may be applicable with fewer physical and chemical constraints than previously thought, and apply much more widely in aqueous environments.Īt major transitions in the history of life, complexity has emerged via cooperation 1– 4. We substantiate this idea by simulating multiple proposed metabolisms for early life in a simple model of a turbulent flow, and find that balancing the turnover times of biological particles and coherent structures can indeed enhance the likelihood of these metabolisms overcoming extinction either via parasitism or via a lack of metabolic support. Here, we propose that turbulent coherent structures, long-lasting flow patterns which trap particles, may serve many of the properties associated with compartments - collocalization, division, and merging - which are commonly thought to play a key role in the origins of life and other evolutionary transitions. Population structure is known to be critical, as effective replicators must be insulated from parasites. While the role of water’s chemistry in early life is well studied, the effects of water’s ability to manipulate population structure are less clear. Major evolutionary transitions, including the emergence of life, likely occurred in aqueous environments. Our results suggest that group selection models may be applicable with fewer physical and chemical constraints than previously thought, and apply much more widely in aqueous environments. While the role of water's chemistry in early life is well studied, the effects of water's ability to manipulate population structure are less clear.
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